On-site rapid detection of multiple pesticide residues in tea leaves by lateral flow immunoassay.

The application of pesticides (mostly insecticides and fungicides) during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking tea. Thus, it is necessary to ascertain whether pesticide residues in tea products exceed the maximum residue limits. However, the complex matrices present in tea samples comprise a major challenge in the analytical detection of pesticide residues. In this study, nine types of lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (LFICSs) were developed to detect the pesticides of interest (fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and iprodione). To reduce the interference of tea substrates on the assay sensitivity, the pretreatment conditions for tea samples, including the extraction solvent, extraction time, and purification agent, were optimized for the simultaneous detection of these pesticides. The entire testing procedure (including pretreatment and detection) could be completed within 30 min. The detected results of authentic tea samples were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), which suggest that the LFICS coupled with sample rapid pretreatment can be used for on-site rapid screening of the target pesticide in tea products prior to their market release.

Ceftriaxone ameliorates hippocampal synapse loss by inhibiting microglial/macrophages activation in glial glutamate transporter-1 dependent manner in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Synapse loss is a major contributor to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impairments in the expression and/or glutamate uptake activity of glia glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) contribute to synapse loss in AD. Hence, targeting the restoration of GLT-1 activity may have potential for alleviating synapse loss in AD. Ceftriaxone (Cef) can upregulate the expression and glutamate uptake activity of GLT-1 in many disease models, including those for AD. The present study investigated the effects of Cef on synapse loss and the role of GLT-1 using APP/PS1 transgenic and GLT-1 knockdown APP/PS1 AD mice. Furthermore, the involvement of microglia in the process was investigated due to its important role in synapse loss in AD. We found that Cef treatment significantly ameliorated synapse loss and dendritic degeneration in APP/PS1 AD mice, evidenced by an increased dendritic spine density, decreased dendritic beading density, and upregulated levels of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin. The effects of Cef were suppressed by GLT-1 knockdown in GLT-1+/-/APP/PS1 AD mice. Simultaneously, Cef treatment inhibited ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) expression, decreased the proportion of CD11b+CD45hi cells, declined interleukin-6 (IL-6) content, and reduced the co-expression of Iba1 with PSD95 or synaptophysin in APP/PS1 AD mice. In conclusion, Cef treatment ameliorated synapse loss and dendritic degeneration in APP/PS1 AD mice in a GLT-1-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect of Cef on the activation of microglia/macrophages and their phagocytosis for synaptic elements contributed to the mechanism.

Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage (Wunderlich syndrome) in the fetus: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage (Wunderlich syndrome) in the fetus is a rare urinary system disease. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis presents challenges due to the lack of specific clinical features. CASE PRESENTATION: A 27-year-old Chinese woman gravida 2 para 0 found her fetus with the left Wunderlich syndrome accompanying bilateral hydronephroses and bladder dysfunction with an early diagnosis through prenatal ultrasound and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging. After a timely emergency cesarean section, the infant was administrated antimicrobial prophylaxis and an indwelling catheter treatment. Ultrasound follow-up showed his urinary system gradually developed normally. CONCLUSION: A fetus with bilateral hydronephroses accompanying bladder dysfunction should be observed because of the risk of spontaneous renal rupture with hemorrhage formation. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging play a vital role in the diagnosis and follow-up of Wunderlich syndrome. Early diagnosis facilitates better pregnancy planning and appropriate care of newborns.

Bilateral inferior venae cava combined with the persistent left superior vena cava and hemiazygos continuation of left inferior vena cava with drainage into right atrium: A case report.

The persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a common venous abnormality. However, malformation of the bilateral inferior venae cava (IVC) is extremely rare, with an incidence rate of .3%. IVC malformation is associated most frequently with heart defects and isomerism and often has a poor prognosis. We presented a case of vascular malformations in the fetus of bilateral caval veins with the interruption of the left-sided venous return with hemiazygos continuation in presence of a right-sided inferior caval vein. Also noted were the PLSVC and a dilated right heart with a widened pulmonary trunk. In this case, there were no heart defects or chromosomal abnormalities, and the newborn postpartum was in a good condition.

Efficacy of acupuncture based on acupoint combination theory for irritable bowel syndrome: a study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and changes in defecation patterns. No organic disease is found to explain these symptoms by routine clinical examination. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for IBS patients compared with those of conventional treatments. We also aim to identify the optimal acupoint combination recommended for IBS and to clarify the clinical advantage of the "multiacupoint co-effect and synergistic effect." METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A total of 204 eligible patients who meet the Rome IV criteria for IBS will be randomly stratified into acupuncture group A, acupuncture group B, or the control group in a 1:1:1 ratio with a central web-based randomization system. The prespecified acupoints used in the control group will include bilateral Tianshu (ST25), Shangjuxu (ST37), Neiguan (PC6), and Zusanli (ST36). The prespecified acupoints used in experimental group A will include bilateral Tianshu (ST25), Shangjuxu (ST37), and Neiguan (PC6). The prespecified acupoints used in experimental group B will include bilateral Tianshu (ST25), Shangjuxu (ST37), and Zusanli (ST36). Each patient will receive 12 acupuncture treatments over 4 weeks and will be followed up for 4 weeks. The primary outcome is the IBS-Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) score. The secondary outcomes include the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), Work and Social Adjustment Score (WSAS), IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QOL), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores. Both the primary outcome and the secondary outcome measures will be collected at baseline, at 2 and 4 weeks during the intervention, and at 6 weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The entire project has been approved by the ethics committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (2020BZYLL0903). DISCUSSION: This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial for IBS in China. The findings may shed light on the efficacy of acupuncture as an alternative to conventional IBS treatment. The results of the trial will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trials Register ChiCTR2000041215 . First registered on 12 December 2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/ .

Ceftriaxone regulates glutamate production and vesicular assembly in presynaptic terminals through GLT-1 in APP/PS1 mice.

Perturbations in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and glutamate release from presynaptic terminals have been involved in the development of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and mouse models. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) removes glutamate from the synaptic cleft and transports it into astrocytes, where it is used as substrate for the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Ceftriaxone has been reported to improve cognitive deficits in AD mice by increasing GLT-1 expression, glutamate transformation to glutamine, and glutamine efflux from astrocytes. However, the impact of ceftriaxone on glutamine metabolism in neurons is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether ceftriaxone regulated the production and vesicular assembly of glutamate in the presynaptic terminals of neurons and to determine GLT-1 involvement in this process. We used the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) AD mouse model and GLT-1 knockdown APP/PS1 (GLT-1+/-/APP/PS1) mice. The expression levels of sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter 1 (SNAT1) and vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1/2) were analyzed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining as well as by Western blotting. Glutaminase activity was assayed by fluorometry. Ceftriaxone treatment significantly increased SNAT1 expression and glutaminase activity in neurons in APP/PS1 mice. Similarly, VGLUT1/2 levels were increased in the presynaptic terminals of APP/PS1 mice treated with ceftriaxone. The deletion of one GLT-1 allele in APP/PS1 mice prevented the ceftriaxone-induced upregulation of SNAT1 and VGLUT1/2 expression, indicating that GLT-1 played an important role in ceftriaxone effect. Based on the role of SNAT1, glutaminase, and VGLUT1/2 in the glutamate-glutamine cycle in neurons, the present results suggested that ceftriaxone improved the production and vesicular assembly of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in presynaptic terminals by acting on GLT-1 in APP/PS1 mice.

A Local and Low-Dose Chemotherapy/Autophagy-Enhancing Regimen Treatment Markedly Inhibited the Growth of Established Solid Tumors Through a Systemic Antitumor Immune Response.

Chemotherapy is one of the main options for the treatment of a variety of malignant tumors. However, the severe side effects resulting from the killing of normal proliferating cells limit the application of cancer-targeting chemotherapeutic drugs. To improve the efficacy of classic systemic chemotherapy, the local delivery of high-dose chemotherapeutic drugs was developed as a method to enhance local drug concentrations and minimize systemic toxicity. Studies have demonstrated that chemotherapy is often accompanied by cancer-associated immunogenic cell death (ICD) and that autophagy is involved in the induction of ICD. To improve the efficacy of local cancer chemotherapy, we hypothesized that the local delivery of chemotherapeutic plus autophagy-enhancing agents would enhance the promotive effects of ICD on the antitumor immune response. Here, we report that a low-dose chemotherapy/autophagy enhancing regimen (CAER) not only resulted in the increased death of B16F10 and 4T1 tumor cells, but also induced higher levels of autophagy in vitro. Importantly, the local delivery of the CARE drugs significantly inhibited tumor growth in B16F10 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Systemic antitumor T-cell immunity was observed in vivo, including neoantigen-specific T-cell responses. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis of human breast cancer and melanoma tissues showed that autophagy-associated gene expression was upregulated in tumor samples. Increased autophagy and immune cell infiltration in tumor tissues were positively correlated with good prognosis of tumor patients. This work highlights a new approach to improve the effects of local chemotherapy and enhance systemic antitumor immunity.

Complete rejection of large established breast cancer by local immunochemotherapy with T cell activation against neoantigens.

Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockage and adoptive transfer of CAR-T cells, have achieved historical successes for many kinds of malignancy. However, a minority of patients survive long term over 5 years without relapse, perhaps owing to tumor heterogeneity and potent immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Here, using an established mouse tumor model of triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer, we show that local immunochemotherapy triggers powerful local and systemic antitumor immunity. Paraneoplastic injection of CpG, α-OX40, and anthracycline completely eliminated both local and distant large established 4T1 breast cancer without obvious relapse. Analysis of the immune cells at tumor tissues, draining lymph nodes, and spleens revealed that the local treatment increased the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in all three tissues and inhibited the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen in a delayed response. Most importantly, this treatment triggered systemic T cell response against 4T1 tumors and some of their neoantigen epitopes as detected by IFN-γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine assays in splenocytes. Furthermore, T cells showed specific cytotoxic activity against 4T1 tumor cells in vitro. In general, this local immunochemotherapy provides a new approach to target highly diverse neoantigens in various types of cancers without complicated and expensive antigen identification via next-generation sequencing.

SOX11 and FAK participate in the stretch­induced mechanical injury to alveolar type 2 epithelial cells.

The aim of the present study was to explore the potential role of SOX11 in the stretch­induced mechanical injury to alveolar type 2 epithelial (AT2) cells. A cell stretch (CS) test was used to induce mechanical injury to primary cultured AT2 cells. Wound healing, adhesion, cell viability assays and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the migration, adhesion, viability and apoptosis of AT2 cells. Changes in the invasive ability of AT2 cells were detected using a Transwell invasion assay. To further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, reverse transcription­quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were used to assess the expression levels of SOX11, FAK, Akt, caspase­3/8, p65 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)7. Co­immunoprecipitation (Co­IP) and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the interaction between SOX11 and FAK. CS reduced the invasion, migration and adhesion, and increased the apoptosis of AT2 cells. It also resulted in the downregulation of SOX11 and FAK expression in AT2 cells. The overexpression of SOX11 reversed these changes, whereas the knockdown of SOX11 aggravated the deterioration of the aforementioned biological behaviors and the apoptosis of the AT2 cells following CS. The overexpression of SOX11 upregulated the FAK and Akt expression levels, and downregulated caspase­3/8 expression, whereas the silencing of SOX11 reversed these changes following CS. Furthermore, the effects of SOX11 overexpression were inhibited by FAK antagonism. The results of Co­IP demonstrated that SOX11 and FAK were bound together, and that the expression of FAK was significantly increased in the SOX11 overexpression group. Luciferase assays revealed that the luciferase activity and the mRNA expression of FAK were significantly increased following transfection with pcDNA SOX11 and pGL3 FAK promoter. Co­IP and luciferase assays revealed that SOX11 directly regulated the expression of FAK. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that the downregulated expression of SOX11 and FAK are involved in the stretch­induced mechanical injury to AT2 cells. The overexpression of SOX11 significantly alleviates AT2 cell injury through the upregulation of FAK and Akt, and the inhibition of apoptosis. These findings suggest that the activation of SOX11 and FAK may be potential preventive and therapeutic options for ventilator­induced lung injury.

Activation of p38 MAPK participates in the sulbactam-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance mediated by glial glutamate transporter-1 upregulation in rats.

Our previous studies have shown that sulbactam can play a neuroprotection role in hippocampal neurons by upregulating the expression and function of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) during ischemic insult. Here, using rat global cerebral ischemia model, we studied in vivo the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the sulbactam-induced GLT-1 upregulation and neuroprotection against ischemia. The hippocampal CA1 field was selected as observing target. The expressions of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK and GLT-1 were assayed with western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The condition of delayed neuronal death (DND) was assayed with neuropathological evaluation under thionin staining. It was shown that administration of sulbactam protected CA1 hippocampal neurons against ischemic insult accompanied with significantly upregulation in the expressions of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK and GLT-1. The time course analysis showed that sulbactam activated p38 MAPK before the GLT-1 upregulation in either normal or global cerebral ischemic rats. Furthermore, inhibiting p38 MAPK activation by SB203580 blocked the GLT-1 upregulation and neuroprotection induced by sulbactam. The above results suggested that p38 MAPK, at least partly, participated in the sulbactam-induced brain tolerance to ischemia mediated by GLT-1 upregulation in rats.

GLT-1 Knockdown Inhibits Ceftriaxone-Mediated Improvements on Cognitive Deficits, and GLT-1 and xCT Expression and Activity in APP/PS1 AD Mice.

OBJECTIVE: Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and system x c - mediate glutamate uptake and release, respectively. Ceftriaxone has been reported to upregulate GLT-1 expression and improve cognitive decline in APP/PS1 mice. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of GLT-1 in ceftriaxone-mediated improvement on cognitive deficits and associated changes in xCT (catalytic subunit of system x c -) expression and activity using GLT-1 knockdown APP/PS1 mice. METHODS: GLT-1 knockdown (GLT-1±) mice were generated in C57BL/6J mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique and crossed to APP/PS1 mice to generate GLT-1±APP/PS1 mice. The cognition was evaluated by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. GLT-1 and xCT expression, GLT-1 uptake for glutamate, and glutathione levels of hippocampus were assayed using Western blot and immunohistochemistry, 3H-glutamate, and glutathione assay kit, respectively. RESULTS: In comparison with wild-type mice, APP/PS1 mice exhibited significant cognitive deficits, represented with poor performance in novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests, downregulated GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake. Ceftriaxone treatment significantly improved the above impairments in APP/PS1 mice, but had negligible impact in GLT-1±APP/PS1 mice. The xCT expression increased in APP/PS1 and GLT-1±APP/PS1 mice. This upregulation might be a compensatory change against the accumulated glutamate resulting from GLT-1 impairment. Ceftriaxone treatment restored xCT expression in APP/PS1 mice, but not in GLT-1±APP/PS1 mice. Glutathione levels decreased in APP/PS1 mice in comparison to the wild-type group. After ceftriaxone administration, the decline in glutathione level was restored in APP/PS1 mice, but not in GLT-1±APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION: Ceftriaxone improves cognitive impairment of APP/PS1 mice by upregulating GLT-1-mediated uptake of glutamate and co-regulation of GLT-1 and xCT in APP/PS1 mice.

Transfection of Sox11 plasmid alleviates ventilator-induced lung injury via Sox11 and FAK.

Background Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is the most common complication in the mechanical ventilation in clinic. The pathogenesis of VILI has not been well understood. The SRY related High Mobility Group box group-F family member 11(Sox11) is a protein associated with lung development. The focal adhesion kinase(FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and is regulated by Sox11. The present study, therefore, was undertaken to explore the potential role of Sox11 and FAK in VILI. Methods High volume mechanical ventilation(HMV) was used to establish mouse VILI model under anesthesia. The lung injury was evaluated by analyzing the lung weight, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, histopathological changes and apoptosis of the lung. The Sox11 and FAK expressions in the lung were investigated by real-time qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results HMV induced VILI simultaneously companied with decreased expressions of Sox11 and FAK in alveolar epithelial and interstitial cells either in gene and protein levels. Transfection of Sox11 plasmid significantly upregulated expressions of Sox11 and FAK in gene and protein levels in the lung and particularly effectively alleviated VILI. Furthermore, FAK antagonism by PF562271(FAK antagonist) blocked the alleviating effect of Sox11 plasmid transfection on the VILI. Conclusion The dysregulation in the Sox11 and FAK after HMV play an important role in the pathogenesis of VILI, and facilitating the activity of Sox11and FAK might be an effective target and potential option in the prevention and treatment of VILI in clinic.

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in a Typical River in North China Plain.

We evaluated the occurrence and distribution of 12 antibiotics from the sulfonamide (SAs), fluoroquinolone (FQs) and tetracycline (TCs) groups in the Weihe River, North China. The total antibiotic concentrations in surface water, pore water, and sediment samples ranged from 11.1 to 173.1 ng/L, 5.8 to 103.9 ng/L, and 9.5 to 153.4 µg/kg, respectively. The values of the sediment-water partitioning coefficient in the Weihe River varied widely, from not detected to 943, 2213, and 2405 L/kg for SAs, FQs, and TCs, respectively. The values of the partitioning coefficients between sediment and surface water were generally lower than those between sediment and pore water, which indicated ongoing inputs to the water. The risk assessment showed that there were relatively high ecological risks to aquatic algae in this area from sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, tetracycline, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.

SPOCK1 is upregulated in recurrent glioblastoma and contributes to metastasis and Temozolomide resistance.

OBJECTIVES: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumour type in humans. Its poor prognosis is largely attributed to its invasiveness and high rate of recurrence. Recurring GBM is commonly resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, making it specially difficult to treat. Recent studies have revealed that matricellular glycoprotein SPOCK1 to be upregulated in several cancer types and to be specifically expressed in invasive GBM, but not in other types of non-invasive brain tumour, which prompted us to study the mechanism of action of SPOCK1 in invasion, recurrence and drug resistance of GBM cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SPOCK1 expression in GBM tissues was evaluated using qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Cell migration was tested by the wound healing method and cell invasion was assessed using transwell plates with Matrigel coating. Western blotting was performed for E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, p-Akt and Akt. Cell viability was examined using the MTT assay. RESULTS: We found that the expression of SPOCK1 was significantly upregulated in recurrent GBM. We also demonstrated that SPOCK1 positively regulated migration, invasion and EMT process of GBM cells. Furthermore, SPOCK1 mediated TMZ resistance in GBM, as knockdown of SPOCK1 expression in TMZ-resistant GBM cells substantially sensitized these cells to TMZ. CONCLUSION: SPOCK1 results were positive and it mediated TMZ resistance in GBM. In addition, SPOCK1 regulated invasion and TMZ resistance in GBM cells via the Akt signalling pathway.

Hydrothermal electrocatalytic oxidation for the treatment of herbicides wastewater.

A hydrothermal electrocatalytic oxidation (HTECO) method is adopted to treat the biorefractory and toxic 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicides wastewater on nano-Pt/Ti electrode in the existence of H2O2. Comparisons for the removal of 2,4-D and total organic carbon (TOC) have been carried out between HTECO with individual electrochemical oxidation (EO) and hydrothermal catalytic oxidation (HTCO), showing that high mineralization efficiency was obtained in HTECO process. The possible factors resulting in the high removal efficiency in HTECO process have been studied by investigating the properties of the electrode and solution in hydrothermal condition, the amount of active radicals, the decay kinetic, and evolution of main intermediates of 2,4-D. Thus, an enhanced mechanism for HTECO method for the treatment of herbicides wastewater has been obtained.

Alterations of protein complexes and pathways in genetic information flow and response to stimulus contribute to Escherichia coli resistance to balofloxacin.

Protein-protein interactions are important biological processes and essential for a global understanding of cell functions. To date, little is known about the protein interactions and roles of the protein interacting networks and protein complexes in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In the present study, we investigated protein complexes in Escherichia coli exposed to an antibiotic balofloxacin (BLFX). One homomeric and eight heteromeric protein complexes involved in BLFX resistance were detected. Potential roles of these complexes that are played in BLFX resistance were characterized and categorized into four functional areas: information streams, monosaccharide metabolism, response to stimulus and amino acid metabolic processes. Protein complexes involved in information streams and response to stimulus played more significant roles in the resistance. These results are consistent with previously published mechanisms on the acquired quinolone-resistance through the GyrA-GyrB complex, and two novel antibiotic-resistant pathways were identified: upregulation of genetic information flow and alteration of the response to a stimulus. The balance of the two pathways will be a viable means of reducing BLFX-resistance.

Highly efficient and mild electrochemical incineration: mechanism and kinetic process of refractory aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants on superhydrophobic PbO2 anode.

Aqueous aromatic hydrocarbons are chemically stable, high toxic refractory pollutants that can only be oxidized to phenols and quinone on either Pt or traditional PbO(2) electrodes. In this study, a novel method for the electrochemical incineration of benzene homologues on superhydrophobic PbO(2) electrode (hydrophobic-PbO(2)) was proposed under mild conditions. Hydrophobic-PbO(2) can achieve the complete mineralization of aromatic hydrocarbons and exhibit high removal effect, rapid oxidation rate, and low energy consumption. The kinetics of the electrochemical incineration was also investigated, and the results revealed that the cleavage of the benzene ring is a key factor affecting the incineration efficiency. Moreover, on hydrophobic-PbO(2), the decay of intermediates was rapid, and low concentrations of aromatics were accumulated during the reaction. The removal of the initial pollutants and the effects of oxidative cleavage were related to the number of methyl groups on the benzene ring. Specifically, the results of physical experiments and quantum calculations revealed that the charge density of carbon atoms increases with an increase in the number of methyl groups, which promotes the electrophilic attack of ·OH.

A novel method for photodegradation of high-chroma dye wastewater via electrochemical pre-oxidation.

A new two-step process involving the electrocatalytic (EC) pre-oxidation and the following photoelectrocatalytic synergistic (PEC) oxidation is proposed to treat the high concentration and high-chroma methyl orange dye wastewater, which cannot be degraded by photocatalytic oxidation (PC) directly. The SnO(2)/TiO(2)-NTs/Ti electrode simultaneously possessing the outstanding PC oxidation properties of TiO(2)-NTs and the excellent EC oxidation abilities of the Sb doped SnO(2) was synthesized by impregnating Sb doped SnO(2) nanoparticles into TiO(2)-NTs. In the pre-oxidation process as the first stage, the high-color dye wastewater is decolorized with electrochemical method to some extent. Then, the wastewater becomes a light transmission system. It provides a suitable condition for PC oxidation reaction in the second stage. The synergistic effects of PC and EC oxidation led to the high PEC efficiency and the complete mineralization of dye wastewater is achieved. This two-step process is fast and efficient, which is worthy to study and explore in the practical environmental treatment.

Highly efficient and energy-saving sectional treatment of landfill leachate with a synergistic system of biochemical treatment and electrochemical oxidation on a boron-doped diamond electrode.

In this paper, a synergistic combination of the biochemical treatment and electrochemical oxidation (SBEO) of landfill leachate with sectional treatment on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode is proposed. The first stage involves the synergistic system of biochemical treatment and electrochemical oxidation. Then, the second stage is followed by individual biochemical treatment. Comparisons among the SBEO, electrochemical oxidation, biochemical treatment and biochemical treatment with the pretreatment of electrochemical oxidation are made systematically, which show that this method is both highly efficient and energy-saving. The higher TOC removal and low energy cost on the BDD electrode can be explained by the conversion of the bio-refractory pollutants to biodegradable organics in the electrochemical oxidation process, improving the current efficiency and reducing the energy cost. The treated wastewater is degraded only with biochemical treatment in the second stage, which further improves efficiency and reduced the energy cost.

Fabrication and electrochemical treatment application of a novel lead dioxide anode with superhydrophobic surfaces, high oxygen evolution potential, and oxidation capability.

A novel PbO(2) electrode with a high oxygen evolution potential (OEP) and excellent electrochemical oxidation performance is prepared to improve the traditional PbO(2) electrode, which is modified by changing the microstructure and wetting ability. A middle layer of TiO(2) nanotubes (NTs) with a large surface area is introduced on Ti substrate, and a small amount of Cu is predeposited at the bottom of TiO(2)-NTs. The modification will improve the electrochemical performance by enhancing the loading capacity of PbO(2) and the combination between PbO(2) and Ti substrate. The hydrophilic surface becomes highly hydrophobic by adding fluorine resin. The improved PbO(2) electrode exhibits a similar morphology, surface wetting ability, high OEP, and electrochemical performance with boron-doped diamond film (BDD) electrode. However, the physical resistance of the PbO(2) electrode is much lower than that of BDD, exhibiting higher conductivity. The hydroxyl radical utilization is significantly enhanced, resulting in a higher oxidation rate and higher removal for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.